Fertilization and pregnancy potential of immature oocytes from stimulated intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles
Article information
Abstract
Objective
We evaluated the fertilization potential of immature oocytes obtained from controlled ovarian hyperstimulation cycles of patients undergoing ICSI.
Methods
We retrospectively analyzed 463 ICSI cycles containing at least one immature oocyte at oocyte denudation. ICSI was performed on mature oocytes at oocyte denudation (metaphase-II [MII] oocytes) and the oocytes that extruded the first polar body between oocyte denudation and ICSI (MI-MII oocytes). Fertilization and early embryonic development were compared between MII and MI-MII oocytes. To investigate the pregnancy potential of MI-MII oocytes, the pregnancy outcome was analyzed in 24 ICSI cycles containing only immature oocytes at retrieval.
Results
The fertilization rate of MI-MII oocytes (37.0%) was significantly lower than that of MII oocytes (72.3%). The rates of delayed embryos and damaged embryos did not significantly differ. Eighty-one immature oocytes were retrieved in 24 cycles that retrieved only immature oocytes and 61 (75.3%) of them were in the MI stage. ICSI was performed on 36 oocytes (59.0%) that extruded the first polar body before ICSI and nine MI-MII oocytes (25.0%) were fertilized. Embryo transfers were performed in five cycles. Pregnancy was observed in one cycle, but it ended in biochemical pregnancy.
Conclusion
In ICSI cycles, oocytes that extruded the first polar body between denudation and ICSI can be used as a source of oocytes for sperm injection. However, their fertilization and pregnancy potential are lower than that of mature oocytes. Therefore, ovarian stimulation should be performed carefully for mature oocytes obtained at retrieval, especially in cycles with a small number of retrieved oocytes.
Introduction
During human assisted reproductive technology, about 20% of oocytes fail to resume maturation or reach the mature (metaphase-II, MII) stage within 38 hours after administration of hCG [1,2]. Immature oocytes may be retrieved at the germinal vesicle (GV); otherwise, they may undergo nuclear membrane breakdown without extrusion of the first polar body (metaphase I stage). Only mature oocytes are injected by ICSI on a regular basis, whereas immature oocytes are usually discarded [3]. The use of immature oocytes could increase the number of embryos obtained to enhance the chance of pregnancy [4]. However, there is a low fertilization rate when ICSI is performed with immature oocytes [2,5,6], with the potential for abnormal embryonic development due to chromosomal abnormalities [7] and defective cytoplasmic maturation [8].
Some of these immature oocytes may extrude the first polar body during in vitro culture and could be a source of oocytes for sperm injection in ICSI cycles. Immature oocytes released from ovarian follicles were shown to have the potential for spontaneous maturation in vitro and subsequent development in different mammalian species, including humans [9]. In vitro oocyte maturation is a relatively fast process that can occur shortly after oocyte retrieval [10]. On close observation, Balakier et al. [10] found that 468 oocytes matured in vitro within 3 hours after retrieval. This provides direct evidence of the timing of oocyte maturation in vitro. Among these oocytes, 90 (19%), 182 (39%), 168 (36%), and 28 (6%) oocytes underwent maturation during 30 minutes and 1, 2, and 3 hours of in vitro culture, respectively. Until now, reports of normal pregnancies and live births resulting from hyperstimulated IVM oocytes are mostly limited to case reports [2,4,11-16]. Controversy remains regarding the rate of fertilization and subsequent embryonic development of these immature oocytes.
In this study, we evaluated the fertilization potential of immature oocytes obtained from the controlled ovarian hyperstimulation cycles of patients undergoing ICSI. Additionally, ICSI cycles with no mature oocytes at denudation were also included to evaluate the implantation rates and pregnancy outcomes of immature oocytes.
Methods
We retrospectively analyzed 463 ICSI cycles containing at least one immature oocyte at oocyte denudation between July 2010 and July 2011. ICSI cycles with completely mature oocytes were excluded from this study. We also retrospectively analyzed 24 ICSI cycles containing only immature oocytes at retrieval during the same time interval in order to investigate the further developmental potential of immature oocytes from stimulated cycles.
1. Ovarian stimulation and oocyte retrieval
Ovarian stimulation was undertaken using either the GnRH agonist long protocol or the GnRH antagonist protocol and recombinant FSH. Stimulation was monitored by follicle size and serum E2 levels. When a dominant follicle ≥18 mm in diameter was detected by ultrasonography, hCG was administered. Transvaginal ultrasound-guided oocyte retrieval was performed 36 hours after hCG injection.
2. Oocyte preparation, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, and embryo culture
About 2 to 3 hours after retrieval, the cumulus-corona cells were removed after exposure to 80 IU/mL hyaluronidase and mechanically cleaned from their surrounding cumulus cells by aspiration with the use of stepwise denuding pipettes for no more than 1 minute. The oocyte maturational profile was checked. Denuded oocytes were classified according to meiotic maturity as GV (characterized by the presence of this defining structure), MI (characterized by the absence of both a GV and an extruded first polar body), MII (characterized by the presence of an extruded polar body in the perivitelline space). These immature oocytes (MI) were incubated in culture medium at 37℃ with a humidified atmosphere of 6% CO2. No hormones were added. Polar body extrusion was checked prior to ICSI. The MI oocytes that extruded their polar body were named "rescued in vitro matured MII oocytes" (MI-MII). ICSI was performed on mature oocytes at oocyte denudation (MII oocytes) and on the oocytes that extruded the first polar body between oocyte denudation and ICSI (MI-MII oocytes). The injected oocytes were cultured in IVF culture medium (GIII series, Vitrolife, Kungsbacka, Sweden).
3. Assessment of fertilization and embryo development
Normal fertilization was assessed 16 to 18 hours after ICSI with the appearance of two pronuclei. The appearance of one pronucleus or more than two pronuclei in the cytoplasm was defined as abnormal fertilization. Embryo development, including blastomere number, size, and regularity and the presence and percentage of fragmentation, was assessed on the morning of day 3. Embryo transfer was performed on day 2 or day 3.
4. Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed using t-tests. p-values<0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Results
1. In vivo matured MII vs. rescued in vitro matured MII (MI-MII) oocytes
In total, 5,653 oocytes were collected from 463 cycles. Among them, 3,482 (61.6%) were mature, 1,234 (21.8%) were MI oocytes, and 753 (13.0%) were GV oocytes at the time of cumulus removal. Among the MI oocytes, 775 (62.8 %) matured to MII, and 459 (37.2%) remained at MI after an in vitro culture of 3 to 4 hours. Table 1 describes the fertilization rates of rescued immature oocytes (MI-MII) and in vivo matured oocytes. The fertilization rate in the MII oocyte group (72.3%) was significantly higher than that of the MI-MII oocyte group (37.0%). The rates of abnormal fertilization (1PN and 3PN), delayed embryo (embryos without an observed pro-nucleus status, but which had cleavage), and damaged oocytes did not differ significantly between the two groups (Table 1).
Comparison of rescued immature oocyte (MI-MII) and in vivo matured oocyte fertilization rates
2. Outcomes of ICSI cycles with no mature oocytes at oocyte denudation
In total, 81 oocytes were collected from 24 ICSI cycles with no mature oocytes at oocyte denudation. Among them, 61 (75.3%) were MI oocytes and 14 (17.3%) were GV oocytes at the time of cumulus removal. After 3 to 4 hours of culture prior to ICSI, 36 MI oocytes progressed to MII; the maturation rate was 59.0%. Nine oocytes (25.0%) were fertilized with 2 pronuclear (2PN), and ET was performed in five cycles. Pregnancy was observed in one cycle but it ended in biochemical pregnancy (Table 2).
Outcome of ICSI cycles with no mature oocytes at oocyte denudation
Discussion
Usually, under controlled ovarian hyperstimulation, most collected oocytes are mature at the metaphase II (MII) stage. However, in some cases, a high number of immature oocytes are observed, such as in poor ovarian responders and in patients with an unsynchronized follicle cohort. In the latter case, various percentages of post-retrieval oocyte maturation to the MII stage have been reported with an increased maturation rate following a longer incubation period [1,4,17-19]. The maturation rate of immature oocytes from previously published reports varies from 16.4% to 88.3%, depending on the period of in vitro culture [15]. The variation in the maturation rate might also be related to the culture medium composition, which varies accordingly in terms of pyruvate glucose uptake and lactate production by IVM oocytes [20,21].
Cumulus-oocyte communication via the gap junction plays a critical role in oocyte maturation and embryo development. It was shown that the retention of attached cumulus cells can help achieve higher rates of cytoplasmic maturation of human oocytes [6].
Therefore, injection of MII oocytes that matured from MI oocytes within 4 hours after the oocyte retrieval was shown to lead to an increased fertilization rate compared with MI oocytes injected immediately after denudation [17]. However, the embryos originating from aged oocytes may have increased the incidence of abnormal cytoskeletal organization and chromosomal imbalance [22]. This finding could be due to cytoplasmic immaturity despite nuclear maturation. Cytoplasmic immaturity, which is generally associated with poor fertilization rates and reduced developmental potential, may also reflect a potential susceptibility to post-meiotic chromosomal errors.
In both humans and rhesus macaques, meiosis resumes within 18 hours and reaches metaphase II between 28 and 38 hours after hCG exposure [23,24]. Given that during hormonal ovarian stimulation all follicles do not develop synchronously, various sizes of follicles are present at the time of retrieval. Human oocytes retrieved from small follicles are more often immature in comparison to oocytes collected from larger follicles [25,26]. Since cytoplasmic and nuclear maturity is normally achieved at the same time during follicular growth, oocytes that are meiotically immature at retrieval are likely to be cytoplasmically immature as well. Moreover, cytoplasmic maturation is also partially acquired post-meiotically during MII arrest. It seems that the final maturation of human MII oocytes is crucial for assembly and normal functioning of the meiotic spindle.
Indeed, previous studies have shown that not all MII oocytes present a meiotic spindle shortly after extruding a polar body [27], and that oocytes without a spindle at insemination have a reduced developmental potential in comparison to oocytes that do possess a spindle [28,29]. This study suggests that morphologically normal embryos derived from MI oocytes after retrieval may have a reduced implantation potential because they frequently display chromosomal abnormalities. This predisposition may stem from defects in maturation programs caused partially after retrieval. These maturation defects may cause deficiencies in the genes and proteins necessary for the coordinated removal of cohesion proteins from chromosome arms during meiosis and mitosis, and may therefore predispose oocytes that mature after retrieval to aneuploidy [30,31].
In conclusion, MI-MII oocytes may be a source of oocytes for sperm injection in ICSI cycles, which can be fertilized and used to increase the number of embryos available for transfer. However, the increase in the number of embryos derived from immature oocytes cannot be efficiently translated into pregnancy and live births. Therefore, ovarian stimulation should be performed carefully in order for mature oocytes to be obtained at oocyte retrieval, especially in cycles with small numbers of retrieved oocytes. The clinical implication of using immature oocytes retrieved from stimulated cycles in human IVF requires further investigation.
Notes
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.